MicroKalanjiyam

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Sporotrichosis (Subcutaneous mycoses)

  -Caused by fungus Sporothrix schenckii (Saprophyte)

Acquired through thorn pricks or other minor injuries

Fungus spreads from primary site (upper limb) through lymphatics

 Does not extend beyond regional lymph nodes

 Development of nodules in skin, subcutaneous tissues and in lymph nodes

Nodules breakdown to form indolent ulcers- chronic granulomatous disease

Diagnosis

Culture (sabourauds’ agar with antibacterial antibiotics)

Sporothrix (dimorphic fungus)

Yeast phase in tissues and in cultures 37ºC

Mycelia phase in  nature and in cultures at room temperature

5.All are acid fast except

7.The bacterial nuclear nucleoid differs from eukaryotic nucleus by all of the following except

8.Lipopolysaccharide is a component of cell wall of 

9.The difference between Gram +ve bacteria &

11.The organism that is strongly urease positive 

Definition : Biofilm is a consortium of bacteria or other microbes organized within an extensive exopolysaccharide exopolymers

1. birds - definitive host
2. humans - intermediate host -harbouring infective larvae
3. clinical features - malabsorption syndrome ,severe diarrhoea ,borborygmi and abdominal pain
4. Diagnosis - detection of eggs,larvae and adults in stool
5. eggs resemble Trichiuris trichiura but smaller
6. Treatment - mebendazole

1. anisakiasis - common in Japan -where fresh or undercooked fish is popular
2. nematode of sea mammals -dolphins, whales  - eggs passed in sea water  -infect crustaceans - eaten by fish which harbors infective larvae
3. humans acquire infection by eating partially cooked or fresh infected fish
4. larvae penetrate the gut wall - eosinophilic granuloma of bowel

1. KOH is added to the specimens like nail,hair,skin scrapings and sputum (40% for nail) - 
2. wet mount technique and seen under 10 X,40X 
3. after adding KOH ,specimen is allowed to digest for 5 - 10 minutes 
4. rapid detection of fungal hyphal elements
5. demerits - experience requires to differentiate from artifacts,nails may require 1 day to digest

1. Bacteriostatic agents : Antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial growth but generally do not kill the organism
2. Bactericidal agents : Agents that usually kill target organisms .
3. basic steps in antimicroial activity - active drug,anatomic approximation,surface binding ,intracellular uptake ,target binding results in either   growth inhibition or lysis and death              

1.Enzymatic inactivation : Beta -lactamases ,penicillinases

Antimicrobial resistance  due to genetic traits of organism and to be detected by in -vitro susceptibility testing methods. It is of two types 1.intrinsic 2.acquired

Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of endocardium ,generally of a heart valve or valves ,but chordae tendinae or at the site of a septal defect  or other congenital abnormalities

A 28 year old primi (fond of cats)  ,5 months of gestation,complaints of fever,headache ,myalgia,enlargement of cervical lymph nodes.She has cleaned her cat's litter box 1week before without proper precautions.How will you manage her?Is there any risk for fetus?

heterogenous group of fungal infections  - characterized by development of clinical lesions in subcutaneous tissues at the site of inoculation of etiological agents

1.nucleo capsid - nucleic acid + capsid (protein)surrounded by envelope

1.Tumor viruses cause persistent infections in natural hosts.

Type of assessment : Formative

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All the best dear students