Microkalanjiyam

 

 LONG QUESTIONS

Posted By Admin    on 02-09-2021    Comments (10)

Describe the morphology life cycle, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus.
Dog tape worm (or) hydatid worm
Definite host - Dog
Intermediate host - Sheep and humans.
- Small tapeworm 3-6 mm length
- Scolex, short neck
- 3 proglottides -anterior immature
                                        Middle mature
                                          Posterior gravid
- Scolex - pyriform with 4 suckers - prominent rostellum bearing two circular rows of hooklets.
- Terminal proglottid - filled - branched uterus with eggs.

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 infections of blood

Posted By Admin    on 12-11-2021    Comments (10)

Infections of the blood
Bacteremia and Septicemia :
Septicemia : Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by fever,chills,malaise,tachycardia,hyperventilation and toxicity or prostration.Septicemia results when circulating bacteria multiply at a rate  that exceeds their removal by phagocytes.The symptoms are produced by microbial toxins and/or cytokines produced by inflammatory cells.
Types of Bacteremia:
• Transient
• Intermittent
• Continuous
Transient bacteremia : Normal flora is introduced into the blood stream by minimal trauma to membranes(e.g., brushing of teeth,straining during bowel movements , or medical procedures).
Intermittent bacteremia : bacteria from an infected site are periodically released into the blood from extravascular abscesses ,spreading cellulitis,or infections of body cavities,such as empyema,peritonitis,or septic  arthritis .
Continuous  bacteremia :occurs when the infection is intravascular,such as infected endothelium(bacterial endocarditis or aneurysms) or infected hardware (arteriovenous fistulas,intraarterial catheters,or indwelling canulas).


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 Biochemical reactions - Enterobacteriaceae

Posted By Admin    on 01-04-2022    Comments (10)


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 Exam related

Posted By Admin    on 01-02-2023    Comments (10)

All the best dear students


Kindly post your queries if you do want any lectures


Give  your  valuable  suggestions

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 Bacterial Genetics

Posted By Admin    on 31-03-2024    Comments (10)

Bacterial genetics deals with the study of heredity and gene 
variations seen in bacteria.

Bacteria possess a single haploid chromosome, comprising 
of super coiled circular double stranded DNA of 1 mm 
length.

Plasmids are the extrachromosomal ds circular DNA 
molecules that exist in a free state in the cytoplasm of 
bacteria

Independent replication: Plasmids are capable of 
replicating independently.

plasmid may integrate with 
chromosomal DNA of bacteria and such plasmids are called as episomes

Curing: The process of eliminating the plasmids from 
bacteria is known as curing

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 Bacterial Genetics

Posted By Admin    on 31-03-2024    Comments (10)

Classification of Plasmids
  • Based on ability to perform conjugation
  • Based on compatibility between the plasmids
  • Based on function
1.Fertility or F-plasmids
2.Resistance (R) plasmids
3.Col plasmids
4.Virulence plasmids
5.Metabolic plasmids

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 Bacterial Genetics

Posted By Admin    on 31-03-2024    Comments (10)

Definition: Mutation is a random, undirected heritable 
variation caused by a change in the nucleotide sequence 
of the genome of the cell

1. Spontaneous mutations: Mutations that occur naturally 
in any dividing cells that arise occasionally without 
adding any mutagen
2. Induced mutations: These mutations  are as a result of exposure of the organism to a mutagen
Mutation can affect any gene and hence may modify any 
characteristic of the bacterium, for example— 
™ Sensitivity to bacteriophages
™ Loss of ability to produce capsule or flagella
™ Loss of virulence
™ Alteration in colony morphology
™ Alteration in pigment production 
™ Drug susceptibility
™ Biochemical reactions
™ Antigenic structure.
Classification of Mutation Types 
Mutations may occur in two ways—
1. Small-scale mutations: They are more commonly seen 
in bacteria. Examples include (1) point mutations—
occur at a single nucleotide, (2) addition or deletion of 
single nucleotide pair
2. Large-scale mutations occur in chromosomal structure: 
These include deletion or addition of several nucleotide 
base pairs or gene duplications.


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 Bacterial Genetics

Posted By Admin    on 31-03-2024    Comments (10)

Types of mutations

Forward mutations 

Substitutions at single nucleotide base pair

At DNA Level

Transition It is a point mutation that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine nucleotide to 
another pyrimidine (C ↔ T)

Transversion It refers to the substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine or vice versa in DNA, (C/T ↔ A/G)
At codon level 

Silent mutation The new codon codes for the same amino acid, e.g. AGG ↔ CGG, both code for arginine

Neutral mutation The new codon forms different but functionally equivalent amino acid: AAA (lysine) AGA (arginine) 

Missense mutation The new codon codes for a different amino acid

Nonsense mutation The new codon is a stop codon which causes termination, e.g. CAG (Glutamine) ↔ UAG (stop)

Addition or deletion at single or many nucleotide base pairs

Frame-shift mutation Any addition or deletion of base pairs that is not a multiple of three results in a shift in the normal reading 
frame of the coded message forming new set of triplet codon.

Reverse mutations It is a second mutation that nullifies the effect of the first mutation and results in gaining back the 
function of the wild phenotype

True reversion • A true reverse mutation converts the mutant nucleotide sequence back to the wild-type sequence

Suppressor mutation It is a second mutation in a different gene that reverts the phenotypic effects of an already existing mutation 

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Categories

  • BACTERIOLOGY
  • IMMUNOLOGY
  • Virology
  • Parasitology
  • Mycology
  • general microbiology
  • CASE BASED SERIES
  • COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION
  • infective syndromes

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